La diferenciación y globalización estructural de la moderna sociedad mundial produce, a nivel normativo, una tensión entre criterios de justicia global y múltiples formas de justicia sectorial asociadas a ámbitos sociales diferenciados como el comercio, el deporte y las finanzas, entre otros. Las teorías contemporáneas de justicia global, así como las teorías clásicas del derecho estatal, han reaccionado de modo más bien escéptico ante los nuevos desarrollos de justicia sectorial argumentando déficit de legitimación. Mediante el análisis del caso de la (...) lex mercatoria, este artículo sostiene que justicia global y justicia sectorial se unen por medio de lo que se denomina momentos de universalidad normativa, esto es, principios limitativos y constituyentes de la justicia sectorial. De este modo, justicia global y sectorial aparecen como formas complementarias y no antagónicas de derecho global en la sociedad mundial. (shrink)

La alta complejidad de la sociedad moderna produce interdependencias que no pueden ser controladas por sus operaciones de origen. Muchas de estas interdependencias contribuyen a la mantención de límites y a la coordinación social generalizada; otras, no obstante, producen efectos complejos no esperados cuyas consecuencias pueden destruir a las mismas unidades que las producen. Aquellas operaciones que contribuyen a la coordinación social son reconocibles como operaciones inmunitarias; las otras pueden denominarse operaciones de autoinmunidad. Mediante una revisión de autores clave en (...) la sociología y la filosofía política, y a través de la aplicación de sus conceptos de inmunidad y autoinmunidad al escenario de crisis actual, este artículo sostiene que la pandemia del Covid-19 acelera las condiciones de autoinmunidad de la sociedad moderna y advierte sobre una disolución del orden social producto de estos procesos autoinmunitarios. El artículo concluye que el aumento de complejidad profundiza la autoinmunidad de la sociedad moderna, por lo que el presente siglo puede esperar más crisis autoinmunitarias. (shrink)

This essay tries to propose the main lines of a working program for the construction of a system based empirical research method. The main proposal of this argument rest on the idea that a theory that proposes itself as a further step over traditional social theory epistemological obstacles, it ..

A high level of complexity and a continuous and always changing relationship among its elements characterizes modern world society. As a result, a constant differentiation and specialization of diverging social fields aiming to reduce the uncertainty emerging from that complexity takes place. Paradoxically, as differentiation and specialization increase, they become a new source of uncertainty. In order to confront this self-producing ambiguity, some social operations develop structural interdependencies with a sufficient level of operational stability that distinguish them from their environment. (...) In this paper this is called contextual differentiation, i.e. the emergence of differentiated contexts of interaction, decision and symbolization that make possible a mutilayered concretization of social functions in supranational contexts. With regard to the differentiation of law, economy and sports this process is analyzed and illustrated in four case studies: the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, the Bank for International Settlements, FIFA, the game and its publics, and the international commercial arbitration. La sociedad mundial moderna se caracteriza por su alta complejidad, es decir, por la continuamente cambiante interrelación de sus elementos. El resultado de ello es una constante diferenciación y especialización de espacios sociales orientada a manejar la incertidumbre que esa complejidad genera. Paradójicamente, la diferenciación y especialización es nuevamente una fuente de complejidad. Para enfrentar esta ambigüedad auto-producida, determinadas operaciones sociales se distinguen por generar interdependencias estructurales que logran una estabilidad operacional suficiente para distinguirlas de su entorno. A ello se le denomina en este artículo diferenciación contextual, esto es, la emergencia de contextos diferenciados de interacción, decisión y simbolización que posibilitan una concretización múltiple de funciones sociales en espacios supranacionales. Esto se observa especialmente a propósito de la diferenciación del derecho, la economía y el deporte, y se ilustra con cuatro estudios de caso: la Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, el Bank for International Settlements, la FIFA, el juego y sus públicos, y el arbitraje comercial internacional. (shrink)

The theory of generalized symbolic media is a central element of the contemporary sociological theory. Its transversality can be observed in different conceptual models of a diverse epistemological background, as the cases of Parsons, Habermas, Luhmann and Derrida prove it. The paper unfolds the hypothesis that the theorization of symbolic media attains this horizontality in contemporary sociology because it is in best position to explain the social as an emergent order, that is, as an autonomous order whose properties cannot be (...) reduced to the operations of inferior levels.La teoría de los medios simbólicamente generalizados es un componente central de la teoría sociológica contemporánea. Esta centralidad se observa en su aparición transversal en modelos conceptuales de distinta base epistemológica, como los casos de Parsons, Habermas, Luhmann y Derrida lo constatan. Este artículo indaga en la hipótesis de que la teorización acerca de los medios simbólicos logra esta transversalidad en la sociología contemporánea porque logra dar cuenta de lo social como orden emergente, es decir, como un orden autónomo cuyas propiedades no son reductibles a las operaciones de niveles inferiores. (shrink)

Desde el siglo XVII la semántica moderna ha intentado perfilar un concepto de felicidad acorde con la emergencia del individualismo de una nueva época que perdía el refugio comunal. A pesar de los intentos de la modernidad por generalizar expectativas de comportamiento para una sociedad feliz (en el..

The main aim of this article is to offer a sociological concept of crisis that, defined as the expected yet non-lineal outcome of the internal dynamics of modern societies, builds on the synergies between critical theory and systems theory. It contends that, notwithstanding important differences, both traditions concur in addressing crises as a form of self-reproduction of social systems as much as a form of engagement with the complexities and effects of such processes of reproduction. In order to make our (...) comparison exhaustive, this article explores critical and systems theories’ notions of crisis at three levels: (1) their conceptual delimitation of crises; (2) their methodological proposals to empirically observe crises; and (3) their normative attempts to contribute to their resolution. As crises remain a distinctive structural feature of the social world and a rich source of knowledge about it, reflexivity must be seen as a crucial form of engagement with the negative expressions of social life itself. (shrink)

To perform an illocutionary act – e.g. to apologise – is it necessary, sufficient, or irrelevant that a hearer understand you to be performing that act? This issue is sometimes called the ‘problem of uptake’. Famously, Austin’s inaugural account makes uptake necessary for illocutionary force. For decades, critics have objected to this view: Some have sought to show that uptake is irrelevant; others have argued that uptake is important though not essential; while still others have argued that uptake is necessary (...) though must be radically reframed. Nevertheless, it is widely agreed that there is a problem of uptake in Austin. In this paper, I contend that this view is wrong. Austinian uptake, I argue, is essential; yet, contra the standard reading, it is not synonymous with understanding. Uptake is a narrow criterion pertaining to conventional-linguistic competencies, which rules out specific kinds of misunderstanding, not misunderstanding überhaupt. The importation of non-Austinian assumptions about uptake from subsequent speech act theorists – specifically, the mis-equivocation of uptake with understanding a speaker’s intention – I show, has muddied the water. This paper offers a novel reconsideration and salvaging of uptake and its significance, whose stakes I elucidate through intervention in the fraught issue of conceptualising sexual consent. (shrink)

Este artículo muestra resultados de la investigación realizada en la Escuela Primaria Estatal Jaime Sabines Gutiérrez, de Pueblo Nuevo Solistahuacán, Chiapas, durante la pandemia SARS-COVID-19 en el ciclo escolar 2020-2021. Se enfoca en las dificultades de enseñanza enfrentadas por el profesorado, las estrategias didácticas utilizadas para la construcción de aprendizajes en el alumnado, y las formas de implementación correspondiente. Se asumió un paradigma cualitativo con enfoque descriptivo e interpretativo con orientación etnográfica. Se utilizó la entrevista, a través de un guión (...) de preguntas, empleando un celular y grabadora de audio. El análisis crítico realizado a la información obtenida permitió la construcción de categorías de análisis, producto de los discursos de los sujetos de estudio. Dificultades encontradas: Adaptación de actividades, ausencia de clases, escaso apoyo de padres, cobertura escasa de las TIC´S; Estrategias: Cuadernillos didácticos, reacomodo de la práctica, utilización de las TIC´S, guías sencillas; Implementación: uso de dispositivos tecnológicos, visitas domiciliarias y entrega-recepción de materiales. Los resultados mostraron la importancia del contexto para determinar la forma en que se interviene de acuerdo a los recursos que cuente. (shrink)

Analytic philosophy of religion has witnessed a significant increase in interest in the ontological presuppositions of the various theological doctrines. This special issue collects new essays on various divine attributes.

In the remediation of business-related human rights abuses, meaningful stakeholder engagement which culminates in effective access to remedy begins with forms of communication that enable the voice and agency of marginalized stakeholders, and value their lived experiences. Here, we consider how the development of a _dialogical_ theorization of stakeholder engagement is aligned with the practical and ethical goals of an effective access to human rights remedy. Drawing on dialogical theory, we discern four ethical criteria —_power cognizance, polyphonic pluralism, generative agonism (...) and discursive unfinalizability_— that reveal three general approaches to stakeholder engagement —_essentially monologic, seemingly dialogic and authentically dialogic_— based on the extent to which they exhibit the criteria above. We propose and discuss an 'authentically dialogic' approach for organizations adopting morally expansive, victim-centric approaches to engagement in the design and implementation of company-led remedial mechanisms. (shrink)

Excitement about digital agriculture—i.e., expanded reliance on collecting, integrating, analyzing, and applying digital data in agri-food systems—is bringing two different conceptualizations of abstraction into collision and dialogue. Critical agri-food scholars have long expressed concerns about disembedding—or abstracting—agriculture from particular geographies, farmers’ varied interests, and ecological processes. In contrast, in computer science, abstraction is understood as beneficial for taming the complexities of technology and supporting the development of general-purpose tools. In this paper, we compare these very different theorizations of abstraction through (...) an ethnographic case study of the early development of new digital agriculture networking infrastructure. We analyze how the commitments to abstraction in computer science relate to and depart from critical agri-food studies' critiques of decontextualization and disembedding. The study is based on a long-term collaboration between computer networking researchers and social scientists. Our findings indicate that the commitment to abstraction by computer network scientists leads them to engage minimally with critical agri-food studies’ concerns regarding historical processes of agricultural industrialization and their effect on farm size, the labor process, and the environment, but produces deep engagement with concerns regarding corporate control of innovation trajectories. We find, however, that the technologists focus on open innovation and vendor lock-in in order to expand the scale, scope, and pace of innovation, rather than to advance social justice and environmental sustainability, demonstrating that openness can be understood and practiced in various ways. Through integrated treatment of abstraction in computer science and critical agri-food studies, this article highlights opportunities and constraints for interdisciplinary analysis pertaining to the development of digital agriculture. Through ethnographic analysis of digital agriculture research and development, we identify mechanisms through which contemporary innovation processes are likely to reinforce the social, economic, and ecological relations of conventional agriculture. (shrink)

Through technical rationality, healthcare professionals address instrumental problems by applying the theory and technique arising from scientific knowledge. Nevertheless, the divergent situations of practice characterised by uncertainty, instability, and uniqueness place nurses in a positivist epistemological dilemma. Decision‐making under uncertainty is a challenge that nurses face in clinical practice daily. Nurses anticipate critical events based on the interaction between (un)known factors of clinical reasoning, putting uncertainty tolerance into perspective. With undeniable epistemological relevance, few nursing researchers have addressed this issue. Based (...) on the insights garnered from the panel held at the 26th International Nursing Philosophy Conference, this discussion paper examines the inception of uncertainty within nursing reasoning, intertwining introspection, abstraction, and the rich discussions from the conference. Accordingly, the philosophical underpinnings of the perceived experience of uncertainty will be briefly addressed, while framing the decision‐making challenges faced by nurses. A compelling dimension of nursing care emerges when we delve into the inception of uncertainty, prompting a deeper examination of the interplay between its perception and consciousness in clinical practice, and the gravitation of uncertainty in the process of empirical reasoning. Navigating uncertainty involves varying individual responses, influenced by tolerance levels. Moral appropriateness is determined by their adaptability rather than solely their positivity or logical consistency, highlighting constancy as a quality demanding alignment with an understanding of challenges. (shrink)

This study addresses the current lack of empirical data on the experiences and attitudes of clinical research professionals towards AI-powered clinical trial management tools. Clinical research professionals affiliated with various Swiss and international clinical research networks were invited to participate in an online survey. The survey focused on nine use cases of AI-powered clinical trial management tools. Participants were asked to share their ethical considerations, and their experiences were assessed at both the individual and institutional levels. Answers from 110 participants, (...) primarily from Swiss academic institutions, were included in the data analysis. While participants generally held positive attitudes, mixed views were also common. Governmental attitudes were widely perceived as unclear or cautious, with the associated regulatory opacity possibly contributing to the limited adoption of AI in trial management observed in this study. In addition to a clear AI governance, ethical compliance and training emerged as crucial aspects. There was also broad consensus on the necessity of informing patients about tools’ uses and of ensuring an independent certification of the respective tools. The widespread adoption of AI-powered clinical trial management tools remains distant, entangled in a net of complexities that require further empirical investigation. Ethical concerns appear to play a crucial role, driven by distrust and the absence of a clear regulatory framework. Urgent actions are needed at both institutional and governmental levels, including the establishment of a governance framework and training provision. (shrink)

Démontre en quoi Platon pourrait être considéré comme une source pour comprendre et mieux connaître les philosophes qui l'ont précédé.

This article examines problems that may arise when addressing liability resulting from the genetic modification of microbes, animals, and plants. More specifically, it evaluates how uncertainties relating to the outcomes of these biotechnological innovations affect—or may affect—the courts' application of the reasonable foreseeability requirement and, hence, liability under the tort of negligence. The article also examines how concern expressed by society about injuries feared to result from these genetically modified products could have an impact on the way the courts assess (...) reasonable foreseeability in this area. (shrink)

O livro de Reinaldo Matias Fleuri: Educar, para quê? é um livro aberto. A primeira página não está no livro: é a vida. A vida dele, Reinaldo, professor-educador, que viveu experiências ricas, e, por isso mesmo, contraditórias. A vida de seus alunos e da sociedade em que alunos e Reinaldo vivem. É a partir dessas experiências que Reinaldo reflete. É delas que nasce o livro. Mas o livro continua aberto, depois de lido, porque é para questionar a vida e, até, (...) para ser questionado pela vida, que ele foi escrito. Tanto é assim que o autor conclui perguntando: concluir para quê? a luta continua... O livro continua aberto, porque questiona, provoca, pode até indignar. [...]. (shrink)

Social policy includes many aspects, some of which are related to welfare, as well as many social responsibilities and rights that are considered the basis of the early childhood stage, as social policy aims to secure a kind of stimulating, safe and equal environment for children, especially in the first years of their lives, as these early stages greatly affect their growth, development and future capabilities. It aims to study the current facts related to a phenomenon, situation or group of (...) individuals. This study relied on the social survey method by sample and used the questionnaire tool to identify the extent of the impact of social legislation to protect early childhood. A field study in the city of Baghdad, where the study sample amounted to (200) individuals, males and females. The results of the study showed that the highest percentage of the research community are females at 54.4%. The results of the study showed that providing health care to mothers before and after birth is the health system for child health by 60.4%. The results of the study indicate that the early childhood care policy contributed to reducing child mortality rates by 63.2%. The results of the study indicate that one of the most important ways is the contribution of the social care policy to correcting some wrong practices by holding educational courses for workers in health centers by 43.6%. The results of the study concluded that there are educational programs provided for early childhood with cognitive and cognitive stimulation by 58.4%. And the contribution of government efforts to provide development programs for the early childhood stage by encouraging enrollment in education by 55.2%. One of the most important difficulties facing the implementation of policies and strategies for sustainable development for early childhood is the absence of activation of the national strategy by 36%. Therefore, we recommend the establishment of a higher council for childhood that takes on the responsibility of drawing up policies related to children and following up on strategies and programs related to them. (shrink)

¿Qué pasa con las formas de pensar los terceros, los otros, sin tener que apelar al reconocimiento, la diferencia y la identidad como lógica fundamental del pensamiento inclusivo? Desde luego, como todo orden formal o lógico, problematizar de esta manera el tercero excluido —en el contexto de este comentario preliminar a los artículos que conforman el presente dossier— desea proponer una cierta perspectiva de análisis en torno al pensamiento y el discurso inclusivo. Busca sustraerse a la lógica de la representación, (...) a la mímesis como índice y epígono de la relación entre ser y saber. (shrink)

In this paper, I focus on Kant’s notion of God, showing that his critical philosophy changed the meaning and function of traditional concepts. Then I move on to consider a philosopher of the contemporary Arab world, al-Jabri, who has been influenced by Kant: the author of the Critique of Arab Reason shares with Kant a dissatisfaction regarding a certain use of reason which does not inquire about its boundaries. Philosophy must confront its tradition, free it from prejudices, search for reasons (...) and investigate the origin and uses of its concepts, but critically analysing tradition does not imply that the past cannot help charting the path of the future. A fresh reading of tradition could help modernize Islam without losing the cultural elements of identity. (shrink)

El presente artículo pretende, por un lado, estudiar la genealogía del término biopolítica, pasando por el término bíos. Para sostener tal reflexión, se utilizará la primera parte del libro de Roberto Esposito, Bíos. El término biopolítica pasa por una mutación, desde su primera utilización, en 1905. Por otro lado, con base en los datos presentados en la primera parte del capítulo, se hará un análisis de la consagración del término hecha por Michel Foucault. En el transcurso del artículo, además de (...) Foucault y Esposito, se hará una conexión con la obra arendtiana. (shrink)

PurposeAnomic feelings are predicted to play a moderating role in the relationship between organisational justice perceptions and the citizenship use of the organisation's internet access, or cybercivism. The purpose of this paper is to hypothesise that, just as AFs are supported in prior research as able to intensify the negative effects of organisational justice on cyberloafing, they will also intensify the positive effects of OJ on cybercivism.Design/methodology/approachData were collected from 270 of the 1,547 respondents at a public university.FindingsExcept in the (...) case of procedural justice, the results support that AF act as a moderator of the OJ‐cybercivism link because, among employees with comparatively less AF, the perceptions of the OJ under study had a stronger impact on cybercivism.Research limitations/implicationsTo generalise from a convenience sample of 17 per cent to the entire University is unfeasible, let alone the “public sector” as a whole for a whole culture/country. Therefore, the paper only aims to be an early exploration of actual phenomenon, and to provide new insights necessary to understand the impact of pervasive new media and information and communication technologies on individual behaviour in virtual work settings.Practical implicationsThe findings contribute to an improved understanding of the influence of OJ on cybercivism. As a moderator, anomia is supported in our sample as one of the key “controllers” of the OJ predictions on cybercivism and sets a new scenario in seeking electronic business effectiveness. By encouraging convincing values and equity in the workplace, organisational management seems be on the right path to create the proper context for cybercivism to occur.Originality/valueEmployee AFs are shown to be a moderator in the relationship between OJ and cybercivism. This is the first empirical test of this interaction. (shrink)

Gathers the pre-Sand Country Almanac writings of Aldo Leopold, showing that he was not born an ecologist, but evolved over time through experimentation and thought.

Lara Buchak sets out a new account of rational decision-making in the face of risk. She argues that the orthodox view is too narrow, and suggests an alternative, more permissive theory: one that allows individuals to pay attention to the worst-case or best-case scenario, and vindicates the ordinary decision-maker.

Este trabajo avanza la tesis de que los estudios de gubernamentalidad se han definido por la ausencia de un perímetro o dominio concerniente al poder político para realizar sus análisis. Lo han hecho por la sencilla razón de que se trata de un fenómeno interior a las mismas artes de gobierno. Y esto, lejos de obstaculizar el estudio de las complejas formas de conducción de conductas y el papel de las instancias estatales, privadas, o comunitarias en ellas, comporta la ventaja (...) de realizar un diagnóstico a partir de la inmanencia de sus propios modos de inteligir lo real. Para dar cuenta de esto, propongo una lectura sujeta a estos objetivos de las principales apuestas analíticas involucradas en el enfoque. Concluyo exponiendo brevemente que la diferencia específica de los estudios de gubernamentalidad ya no radica tanto en la propuesta explícita y puntual respecto a la forma de entender al estado (no es uno, no tiene esencia, etc.) sino en el movimiento que consiste en atribuir a las artes de gobierno sus propias escalas de poder político. Es aquí donde el enfoque sobre las artes gubernamentales se distancia de buena parte de los proyectos de teoría y filosofía política imperantes a comienzos del siglo XXI, aún en pugna en las altas cumbres de las definiciones. (shrink)

Comprendemos la necesidad de abandonar visiones de la naturaleza humana onmicomprensivas y definitivas; sin embargo, los desarrollos tecnobiológicos y tecnobiocráticos parecen obligarnos a la paradoja de tener que proponer límites para lo humano, sin poder creer en ellos como antes. Tal paradoja, que opera tanto en las expectativas epistémicas de las ciencias naturales y humanas, como en el debate y la opinión pública en el mundo globalizado, también reta a la filosofía: ¿por qué resulta necesario trazar esa frontera entre lo (...) humano y lo inhumano? ¿Qué tipo de frontera puede ser? ¿Es posible trazar esa frontera?. We understand the need to abandon all-encompassing and definitive perceptions of human nature. However, techno-biological and techno-biocratical developments seem to paradoxically require us to propose boundaries for what is human without being able to believe in these boundaries as before. Such a paradox, which operates both in the epistemic expectations of the natural and human sciences and in debate and public opinion in the globalized world, also poses a challenge to philosophy. Why is it necessary to draw this boundary between the human and the non-human? What type of boundary might this be? Is it even possible to draw such a boundary? (shrink)

Using the Chinese Ring Puzzle (Kotovsky & Simon, Citation1990; P. J. Reber & Kotovsky, Citation1997), we studied the effect on rule discovery of having to plan actions or not in order to reach a goal state. This was done by asking participants to predict legal moves as in implicit learning tasks (Experiment 1) and by asking participants to make legal moves as in problem-solving tasks (Experiment 2). Our hypothesis was that having a specific goal state to reach has a dual (...) effect on rule discovery. The first effect is positive and related to feedback from moves done in order to attain the goal: generalising the results of action and associating them to the conditions in which they were obtained allows discovery of the rule and learning it. The second effect is negative. In attempting to reach a specific goal, participants first tend to reduce the distance that separates the current state from the goal state (hill climbing) and so neglect the kind of exploration that facilitates rule and procedure discovery because this would seem to be a detour from the goal. Results show that having to plan actions improved performance in implicit learning tasks (Experiment 1), yet it impaired performance in problem-solving tasks (Experiment 2). Although implicit learning and problem solving are based on rule discovery, and entail noticing regularities in the material, in both cases, rule discovery processes appear to be task-dependent. (shrink)